What Are Kidney Stones?
Kidney stones are solid, crystal-like deposits that form inside the kidneys when certain minerals and salts in the urine become concentrated. Stones may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a golf ball. While some pass out of the body on their own, others can cause significant pain and may require medical treatment.
Types of Kidney Stones
1. Calcium Stones – The most common type, usually calcium oxalate.
2. Uric Acid Stones – Often seen in people with gout, obesity, or diets high in red meat.
3. Struvite Stones – Associated with chronic urinary tract infections.
4. Cystine Stones – Rare, caused by a genetic disorder that increases cystine in urine.
Symptoms of Kidney Stones
• Severe pain in the side, back, or lower abdomen (renalcolic)
• Pain that comes in waves and fluctuates in intensity
• Nausea and vomiting
• Blood in urine (hematuria)
• Frequent or urgent urination
• Burning sensation while urinating
• Fever and chills (if infection is present)
Causes and Risk Factors
Kidney stones develop when urine becomes concentrated, allowing minerals to crystallize. Risk factors include: - Low fluid intake (dehydration) - Diet high in salt, sugar, or animal protein - Family or personal history of kidney stones - Obesity or metabolic disorders - Gout, hyperparathyroidism, or recurrent urinary tract infections - Certain medications or supplements (e.g.,excessive vitamin C, calcium supplements)
Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations
Foods to Limit or Avoid
• Excessive salt (processed foods, fast food)
• Sugary drinks, especially colas
• Large amounts of animal protein (red meat, organ meats, shellfish)
High-oxalate foods (spinach, beets, nuts, chocolate – in moderation if prone to stones)
Foods to Include
• Water: Drink 2–3 liters daily (unless restricted for medical reasons)
• Citrus fruits: Lemons, oranges – contain citrate, which helps prevent stones
• Calcium-rich foods: Moderate intake of dairy or plant-based sources (do not overly restrict)
• Fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
Lifestyle Tips
• Stay hydrated throughout the day
• Avoid skipping meals and maintain a balanced diet
• Limit excessive alcohol consumption
Exercise and Physical Activity
Regular exercise supports kidney and overall health. Recommended activities: - Brisk walking - Yoga (especially poses that improve circulation and digestion) Light stretching - Avoid overexertion and always rehydrate after exercise You should seek medical attention if you experience: Severe, persistent pain - Blood in urine - Fever, chills, or signs of infection - Inability to pass urine Even if symptoms are mild, a doctor can confirm the diagnosis and advise on prevention strategies.
Treatment Options
• Conservative management: Increased fluids, pain control, medications to relax the ureter.
• Medical therapy: Depending on stone type, medicines may help prevent recurrence.
• Procedures:
• Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) – breaks stones into smaller pieces
• Ureteroscopy – scope to remove or break stones
• Percutaneous nephrolithotomy – surgical removal for very large stones
Key Takeaway
Kidney stones are common but largely preventable. Hydration, a balanced diet, and healthy lifestyle habits are the best protection. Always consult a doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Disclaimer: This article is for educational purposes only and should not replace professional medical advice. For personal medical concerns, always consult a qualified healthcare provider.